Alan Cunningham

For other people with the same name, see Allan Cunningham (disambiguation).

Sir Alan Cunningham
Born	(1887-05-01)1 May 1887 Dublin, Ireland
Died	30 January 1983(1983-01-30) (aged 95) Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England
Buried	Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh, Scotland
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service / branch	British Army
Years of service	1906–1948
Rank	General
Service number	74
Unit	Royal Artillery
Commands	Eastern Command Northern Ireland Staff College, Camberley Eighth Army East Africa Force 51st (Highland) Infantry Division 9th (Highland) Infantry Division 66th Infantry Division 5th Anti-Aircraft Division
Battles / wars	First World War Second World War Palestine Emergency
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath Distinguished Service Order Military Cross Mentioned in despatches (4)
Relations	Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope (brother)
Other work	High Commissioner of Palestine (1945–48) Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery

General Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham, GCMG, KCB, DSO, MC (1 May 1887 – 30 January 1983), was a senior officer of the British Army noted for his victories over Italian forces in the East African Campaign during the Second World War. He then commanded Eighth Army in the desert campaign, but was relieved of command during the Crusader battle against Erwin Rommel. Later he served as the seventh and last High Commissioner of Palestine. He was the younger brother of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope.

Early life and military career

Cunningham was born in Dublin, Ireland, the third son of Scottish Professor Daniel John Cunningham and his wife Elizabeth Cumming Browne. He was educated at Cheltenham College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich before taking a commission in the Royal Artillery in 1906. During the First World War, he served with the Royal Artillery, and was awarded a Military Cross in 1915 and the Distinguished Service Order in 1918, he was also awarded three Mention in dispatches. He had served as a Howitzer Battery commander and had was the Artillery brigade major for 20th division in June 1917. For two years after the war he served as a staff officer in the Straits Settlements. He went on to have a number of regimental duty posts, including a tour in Egypt in 1925. He was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel whilst conducting the post of chief Instructor at the Anti-Aircraft wing at the Small Arms School in Netheravon and was appointed Commanding Officer of 1st Medium Brigade Royal Artillery in Portsmouth in 1935.

After graduating from the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1925, followed by the Imperial Defence Studies in 1937, Cunningham was appointed as the Commander, Royal Artillery of the 1st Infantry Division. However he never took up this post as he was promoted in 1938 by promotion to major-general and given the task of forming and commanding of the 5th Anti-Aircraft Division. Cunningham's headquarters was in Reading and the Division covered Bristol, Portsmouth and Southampton. This area of operation in South-West England was aligned with the RAF 10 Group.

Second World War

General Sir Alan Cunningham.

After the beginning of the Second World War, Cunningham held a number of short appointments commanding infantry divisions in the United Kingdom (66th Infantry Division, 9th (Highland) Infantry Division, and following its renaming, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division) before being promoted to lieutenant-general to take command of the East Africa Force in Kenya.

During the East African Campaign General Sir Archibald Wavell, the Commander-in-Chief of the British Middle East Command, directed Cunningham to retake British Somaliland and free Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from the Italians whilst forces under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir William Platt would attack from Sudan in the north through Eritrea. Cunningham's offensive started with the Battle of the Juba prior to which he issued his famous order of the day 'Hit them. Hit them hard and hit them again'. The Indian Ocean port of Kismayu (Italian: Chisimaio) was quickly captured and Cunningham realized that the Italians had no depth to their defence. He therefore ordered a rapid advance to Mogadishu (Italian: Mogadiscio) by the 23rd Nigerian Brigade who covered 275 miles in just three days. When General Wavell asked cunningham when he might capture Mogadishu he simply replyed 'got it'. , The Italians were then pursued and fought a numer of covering actions at the Marda Pass and the River Awash. On 6 April 1941, Cunningham's forces entered Addis Ababa having advanced 1,687 miles at an average rate of 75 miles a day. On 11 May the northernmost units of Cunningham's forces, under South African Brigadier Dan Pienaar linked with Platt's forces under Major-General Mosley Mayne to besiege Amba Alagi. On 20 May, Mayne took the surrender of the Italian Army, led by Amedeo di Savoia, 3rd Duke of Aosta, at Amba Alagi. Cunningham continued to lead his forces in mopping up operations against the 40,000 Italian troops in the Galla-Sidamo region. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and awarded another Mention in Dispatches for his actions in East Africa.

Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham, pictured at Lydda Airport in November 1945 on arriving to replace Field Marshal Lord Gort as High Commissioner of Palestine.

His success in East Africa led to Cunningham's appointment to form, train and command the new Eighth Army in North Africa in August 1941. The Eighth Army was to consist of two Corps, XIII Corps was mainly Infantry and was to be commanded by Lieutenant General Godwin-Austen, whom Cunningham had commanded in Eat Africa. XXX Corps was to be armoured and commanded by Lieutenant General Vyvyan Pope, the British armoured expert, however Pope was killed with his staff in a plane crash on 6 October 1941 and he was replaced by the inexperienced cavalry officer Major General Charles Willoughby-Norrie. Cunningham had to form and train the Eight Army in time to lead General Sir Claude Auchinleck's Libyan Desert offensive which under pressure from Churchill was due to begin in early November, but actually began on 18 November. It was called Operation Crusader.

Cunningham's offensive achieved complete surprise and the Axis were slow to react. This resulted in Willouby-Norrie convincing Cunningham to amend the plan and allow him to strike for Tobruk. This resulted in the destruction of the British armour as it engaged the Afrika Korps as brigades, rather than Cunningham's plan for a concentrated Eight Army fighting what Pope had termed 'the Big Tank Battle'. due to the heavy looses, there was a chance that Rommel could break through to Egypt and Cunningham sort strategic advice from Auchinleck to either continue the offensive or to defend and rebuild the tank formations. Auchinleck, who had access to secret Ultra intelligence, ordered Cunningham to continue and Cunningham issued orders that XIII Corps was to take up the offensive and relieve Tobruk.

On 25 November, the Axis counterattack into Egypt during Crusader had been repulsed, Cunningham was dismissed by Auchinleck. His replacement was Auchinleck's deputy chief of the general staff, Major-General Neil Ritchie, who was chosen due to his familiarity with the Operation Crusader plan, the day after he took over, XIII Corp relieved Tobruk as planned by Cunningham. Auchinleck had been content when he left Cunningham and it is likely that he was convinced by Air Marshal Tedder to replace him during the flight back to Cairo. Auchinleck asked Cunningham to go into No. 64 Field Hospital for security reasons asking him ‘to agree to being placed on the sick list and to go into hospital for a period. I know that this will be against all your instincts, and that you will hate doing it’ and Cunningham agreed. However, he had no health issues apart from being tired after fighting for 9 days as he pointed out ‘like all the troops fighting in Libya’. Once Cunningham was in hospital, Auchinleck wrote again to offer his ‘forgiveness in having inflicted this indignity on you … [I] know very well how you disliked having to pretend that you are sick, when you are not.’ Cunningham was then examined by a consultant Colonel Smallwood on the 29 November who wrote that he was ‘tired and showed signs of strain’ due to his ‘long and heavy responsibilities’ which ‘had culminated in a period of about a week with practically no sleep’, he concluded that t ‘since admission to hospital he has slept soundly each night… He is composed, and very alert and mentally active. There is no evidence of any “nervous breakdown"'. However, whilst Cunningham was in isolated in hospital, the narrative of a nervous breakdown was spread and became the accepted story.

When he return to Britain in December 1941, Churchill refused to give him a role, stating that he was either sick or incompetent, but General Alan Brooke contended that he was neither. However, when Jam Smuts came to Britain the October 1942 he convinced Churchill that Cunningham should be given a role. Cunningham, who was now a Major General again, was appointed as the Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley (1942). In 1943 he was appointed as General Officer C-in-C in Northern Ireland and promoted back to Lieutenant General. In this role he was heavily involved in preparing US troops for D Day and was awarded the Legion of Merit Medal by the US Government for this work. Finally, in 1944 he was appointed as the General Officer C-in-C Eastern Command with the tasks of both training replacements for Europe and disbanding the Home Guard.

Post-war

General Sir Alan Cunningham's grave, Dean Cemetery.

After the war, Cunningham, who was promoted to general on 30 October 1945, returned to the Middle East as High Commissioner of Palestine; he served in the position from 1945 to 1948. He was in charge of operations against the Hagana, a Zionist militia, Etzel and Lehi terrorists who in this period fought against the Mandate authorities and the Palestinian population, as well as Palestinian militias, with Arab armies poised to invade as soon as the British withdrew. Cunningham had retired from the army in October 1946 when he relinquished the role of Commander-in-Chief Palestine but retained the job of High Commissioner until 1948. The photo of Cunningham taking down the British flag at the port of Haifa is a historical photo often reproduced in Israeli history textbooks. Cunningham served as Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery until 1954.

Cunningham died at the age of 95 in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. He is buried with his father and mother under a simple monument near the Dean Gallery entrance to Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh.

Orders and decorations

• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1948)
• Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (30 May 1941; Companion 1941)
• Distinguished Service Order (1918)
• Military Cross (1915)
• 1914 Star with Clasp
• Mentioned in Despatches (1 January 1916, 18 May 1917 and 20 May 1918; 6 January 1944)
• British War Medal
• Victory Medal
• Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, 1st class (28 October 1941)
• Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States, 1945)
• Order of the Crown, 1st class (Belgium, 1950)
• Order of Menelik II, 1st class (Ethiopia, 1954)

Bibliography

• Carver, Michael (2005) [1976]. The Warlords. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-47380-042-7.
• McGilvray, Evan (2020). Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-52671-610-1.
• Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
• Neillands, Robin (2005) [2004]. Eighth Army: The Triumphant Desert Army that held the Axis at bay from North Africa to the Alps, 1939-1945. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-689-7.
• Playfair, I. S. O.; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C.; Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1960]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. London: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-067-2.
• Smart, Nick (2005). Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War. Barnesley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 1844150496.
• Warner, Philip (2006) [1981]. Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-844-15384-8.
• Dennis, Vincent (2024). The Forgotten General: Sir Alan Cunningham GCMG, KCB, DSO, MC. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1398113992.
• Dennis Vincent (2025). Chapter 2: Cunningham's Team on Operation Canvas: Superiors, Subordinates and Peers in The Second World War in East Africa, 1940-1941. Brill. ISBN: 978-90-04-71025-2

External links

• British Army Officers 1939−1945
• Generals of World War II